Renewable Energy Global Innovations features: Bio-Inspired Modeling for H2 Production

Significance Statement

The environmental problems, climate change and need to reduce greenhouse gases emission has compelled energy users to sort for alternative renewable and clean energy sources for a sustainable future. Researchers have identified hydrogen as a promising solution since it is a high-quality, clean and renewable energy source. Unfortunately, being a non-primary source, hydrogen can only be generated from other sources of energy such as fossil fuels, natural gas reforming, and coal gasification. However, such hydrogen production methods have failed to meet the requisite low carbon dioxide emission for sustainable development, therefore, researchers have been looking for alternative production techniques.

Presently, generating hydrogen from biomass has taken significant interest amongst researchers due to its renewability and zero carbon emission. To enhance hydrogen production process in large-scale experiments, the effects of a various operating condition like sorbent to biomass ratio, pressure, temperatures, and steam to biomass ratio have been investigated. Moreover, most of these methods have not been fully explored due to their expensive nature, time-consuming and less effective data mining techniques. The use of mathematical modeling techniques comprising computer-based models has henceforth been employed in the investigation of hydrogen production from biomass gasification. Despite the reported improvements, computer-based models are time-consuming, involve complicated algorithms and complex differential equations which may require assumption hence leading to inaccurate findings.

Recently, Dr. Jaroslaw Krzywanski at Jan Dlugosz University in Poland in collaboration with Chinese scientists at Zhejiang University proposed artificial intelligence (AI) methods that included artificial neural networks (ANN) and genetic algorithms (GA) as a simpler alternative method for data acquisition and analysis for hydrogen production via biomass steam gasification with CaO enhancement. They estimated hydrogen concentration in the syngas produced from biomass in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) and bubbling fluidized bed (FB). Also, they investigated the conditions and influencing parameters on hydrogen gas production. Eventually, they compared the experimental results and the simulation results. The work is published in the journal, Energy Conversion and Management.

The authors observed that desirably adjusting reaction temperature, CaO to carbon mole ratio and H₂O to carbon mole ratio can result in a high hydrogen concentration in the syngas produced. Also, they noted that CFB produced high hydrogen concentration as compared to FB gasifiers. Furthermore, the similarity in the simulation and experimental results confirmed the efficiency of the proposed AI model. For instance, a maximum relative error less than ±8 was obtained between the calculated and measured data.

The developed non-iterative model enabled effective optimization of the hydrogen gas production process where the process parameters are generated from a given set of input data. In addition to the ability of the ANN to reproduce the whole process, the proposed AI approaches, therefore, overcomes the various limitation of the experimental procedures and programmed computing approaches. Consequently, owing to the simplicity of the model for handling data and experimental procedures, it can as well be used in hydrogen production for predicting its concentration in syngas from biomass via CaO sorption. This is possible for both CFB and FB gasifiers. The study will therefore advance hydrogen gas production for the realization of a sustainable development.

About the author

Abdul Rahim Shaikh is PhD candidate at the key laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization of Energy Engineering Department of Zhejiang University Hangzhou China. His work mainly focuses on Chemical Looping Gasification where he deals with the effect of natural and modified sorbents on coal, biomass and biomass/coal blends and also plant simulations on Aspen plus and Aspen Hysys. His favorite pass time is dismantling stuff in his home workshop and keeping up to date on current affairs.

About the author

Hongtao Fan is a doctoral research student in State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization at Zhejiang University in the City of Hangzhou. His research focuses on the research and development of biomass calcium based chemical looping gasification technology, including experimental researches on dual fluidized bed gasification with sorbent enhancement and regeneration, sorbent cyclic capacity maintenance, process numerical simulation on CLG process and hydrogen plant system modeling.

About the author

Yi Feng, is studying for a doctorate in the national key laboratory of clean energy utilization of the institute of sustainable energy in Zhejiang University.

My working field is chemical looping gasification of lignite and have completed the related experimental researches of cal-based chemical looping gaisification using lignite and biomass as fuel within two pressurized fluidized bed at atmospheric pressure under various operation parameters, such as temperature (650-750℃), water/carbon molar ratio (1-2), Cal/carbon molar ratio (0-2), during the master stage. At the same time, I have participated in the declaration and research of coal/biomass pressurized oxygen-enriched combustion mechanism (national natural science foundation of China). i have also participated in the fourth international chemical looping conference and the fluidization conference in china, and the reports were given at the conference.

About the author

Jaroslaw Krzywanski is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science at Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Poland.
He received the M.Sc. degree from Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Institute of Thermal Machinery, Poland and Ph.D. degree from Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Poland.

He has published more than 140 refereed works, including papers, two monographs, conference proceedings and serves as an editorial board member of several international journals.

He is interested in modeling of energy devices and processes, including solid fuels combustion, gas emissions and hydrogen production from biomass combustion and gasification. He uses both programmed and artificial intelligence (AI), bio-inspired methods to predict e.g. heat transfer and pollutants emissions from coal and biomass combustion and co-combustion in large- and pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers, chemical looping combustion (CLC) and calcium looping combustion (CaL) in fluidized bed (FB) systems, performance of adsorption chillers, as well as the hydrogen concentration in syngas during the H₂ production via CaO sorption enhanced anaerobic gasification of sawdust in FB units.

Journal Reference

Krzywanski, J., Fan, H., Feng, Y., Shaikh, A., Fang, M., & Wang, Q. (2018). Genetic algorithms and neural networks in optimization of sorbent enhanced H 2 production in FB and CFB gasifiers. Energy Conversion and Management, 171, 1651-1661.

 

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Renewable Energy Global Innovations features: Spatial complementarity in time between energy resources

Significance Statement

Hybrid energy systems have been seen as a promising alternative solution for a sustainable future. Their use has increased rapidly over the past few years thus promoting their research relating to design and optimization. Despite their high initial costs as compared to one renewable energy resource, recent growth in the demand for energy conversion devices have seen the cost reduction. Today, technology managers require efficient tools to help them in making decisions on new plants and investments in renewable resources thereby leading to better use of the available energy resources. As such, complementarity concept has been identified as a promising solution.

In renewable energy resources field, complementarity can be used as a design parameter, planning, and management tool. Generally, a complete complementarity needs to consider time, energy and amplitude of variation. Time-complementarity is completed when the availability minima takes place between six-month, energy-complementarity requires equal mean values of the compared energy resources while amplitude-complementarity only takes place when the difference in the maximum and minimum energies are equal for the compared resources. Consequently, complementarity can be accessed depending on the nature of the study that is, between energy resources in one or different places. Owing to various difficulties that have been experienced in the past researches such as technical challenges and result presentation, there has been a great need for more effective approaches for determining complementarities between the energy resources.

Dr. Alfonso Risso, Professor Alexandre Beluco and Professor Rita de Cássia Marques Alves at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) in Brazil proposed a new method for obtaining spatial complementarity in time and how it can be expressed through maps. They established a hexagonal network of cells and determined complementary roses for each of them. In this case, the petal lengths represented the distance between the cells while the color represented the complementarity of the cells. The authors purposed to use the method in determining the spatial complementarity in time between some wind farms and hydroelectric power plants along a certain territory and present the obtained map of the complementarity in time. Their work is currently published in the research journal, Energies.

The authors successfully applied the newly developed approach in determining the spatial complementarity in time between initially identified wind farms and power plants along the State of Rio Grande territory. They also presented it on a map hence enhancing the effectiveness of the method.

By expressing the spatial complementarity in time through a map, the researchers brought on board a better use of the complementarity method as a key tool in design, optimizing and management of renewable energy resources. Thus, they overcame some of the previously faced challenges to enhance the efficiency of the complementarity concept among the technology and energy managers. Furthermore, the information on the complementarity map is reliable since the data used to obtain the complementarity of the roses are accurate. Therefore, it can be extended to determine energy-complementarity and amplitude- complementarity. The study will, therefore, advance the renewable energy resources sector for the realization of a sustainable future.

Journal Reference

Risso, A., Beluco, A., & Marques Alves, R. (2018). Complementarity Roses Evaluating Spatial Complementarity in Time between Energy Resources. Energies, 11(7), 1918.

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Renewable Energy Global Innovations features: Verification of a novel innovative blade root design for wind turbines using a hybrid numerical method

Significance 

Increasing the power efficiency of wind turbine rotors is still a challenging task for many designers despite the recent aerodynamics knowledge input. In fact, the effected changes in rotor design from the formerly over-sized dimensioned turbines to the present slender turbines of higher power output is the best illustration of this aerodynamic progress. Therefore, to harness more energy, there will be need to increase the rotor size thereby increasing the turbine capacity. Unfortunately, extending the rotor length requires the development of new lightweight materials and causes logistic problems associated with transportation, and the construction and erection the rotor blades. More so, matters concerning public acceptance inhibits the size of onshore wind turbines. To counteract this, there is need for optimal aerodynamic design solutions. To this regard, researchers have developed robust airfoils with a high lift to drag ratio and a low noise level, combined with optimized blade plan forms to enhance aerodynamic performance. Regardless, the aerodynamic performance near the blade root is less studied, and a generally poor aerodynamic performance in the blade root region is considered a problem that cannot be directly solved with conventional design techniques.

In a recent research collaborations between scientists at Technical University of Denmark and Yangzhou University in China and led by professor Wei Jun Zhu, the team successfully enhanced the performance of horizontal axis wind turbines. Their aim was to introduce a cylindrical disk in front of the rotor in order to lead the incoming flow from the inner part to the outer part of the rotor blades. In return, they hoped that this would increase the power output, since the kinetic energy is mainly captured at the outer part of the blades, where the relative wind speed is high. Their work is now published in the research journal, Energy.

To assess the impact of their novel design idea, the researchers employed a hybrid numerical technique, based on solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, to determine the aerodynamic performance. They then used an in-house developed EllipSys3D code to represent the upstream cylindrical disc. Eventually, the research team assessed the impact of the disc on the rotor performance by systematically changing the size of the circular disc and its axial distance to the rotor.

The authors of this paper found out that the resulting maximum gain in relative power was around 1.5%. The team also noted that the power was found to increase in most of the simulations, as long as the disc size was not too large, where for the latter case, it started blocking the flow though the effective blade elements at the outer part.

The study reported by Wei Jun Zhu and colleagues presented a thorough numerical investigation on a novel horizontal axis wind turbine rotor system in which a circular disc has been added in front of the main rotor. The results have indicated that additional energy can be captured by placing a circular disc with a suitable diameter upstream of the rotor plane. This being the first numerical attempt to make proof of the concept, it is expected that it will provide a basis for future works that may further optimize the shape of the disc.

About the author

Wei Jun Zhu received his PhD degree in Wind Energy from Technical University of Denmark in 2008. During his Phd, he received national award from Chinese government as Outstanding self-financed students abroad.  Since 2004, he was a faculty member in the department of wind energy. Start from 2012, he was employed as permanent senior researcher at department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark. From 2016 until now, he is a full Professor at Yangzhou University and Special Pointed Professor of Jiangsu province in China.

He has been involved in teaching wind turbine aerodynamic and aeroacoustic courses and in the general field of wind energy research. He has authored/co-authored over 50 peer reviewed journal papers in the field of wind turbine aerodynamics, computational aeroacoustics and computational fluid dynamics. He is the recognized reviewer of many journals and he is the best reviewer of Renewable Energy in 2014.

Reference

Wei Jun Zhu, Wen Zhong Shen, Jens Nørkær Sørensen, Hua Yang. Verification of a novel innovative blade root design for wind turbines using a hybrid numerical method. Energy, volume 141 (2017) pages 1661-1670.

 

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Renewable Energy Global Innovations features: Experimental analysis of Dynamic Charge Acceptance test conditions for lead-acid and lithium iron phosphate cells

Significance 

Advancing battery technology and performance has become imperative for automotive applications. The function of automotive batteries has transformed from just an auxiliary power source to a system providing considerable contributions to the performance of the vehicle, especially for fully electric vehicles where it is the sole power source. This has been triggered by the need to reduce carbon emissions and the high cost of fuel. Therefore, the behavior of automotive batteries needs to be understood well.

Hybrid electric vehicles have also imposed a more significant change to battery operation. In this type of vehicle, batteries have been used in conjunction with internal combustion engines such that the two provide traction power. There are a number of possible configurations but the principle of operation remains the same. These hybrid electric vehicles can be driven by either the batteries or the internal combustion engines, or both combined.

In order to maximize the effectiveness of the hybrid electric vehicle drive train, maximum energy should be recaptured and stored in the course of all regenerative braking periods. However, charge acceptance of the batteries at high-rate partial state-of-charge is the principle limiting factor for energy capture. The batteries are needed to provide more of electrical power to the vehicle, therefore they are required to recharge rapidly and it is important that their performance under these conditions is known.

A number of methodologies, such as Dynamic Charge Acceptance, have been adopted to characterize the performance of these batteries. Therefore, understanding the dynamic charge acceptance performance of automotive batteries is a critical requirement for developing electric vehicles. Researchers at The University of Sheffield’s Centre for Research into Electrical Energy Storage & Appications, Mr Matthew Smith, Dr Dan Gladwin, and Professor David Stone, investigated how varying the parameters and conditions of the standard dynamic charge acceptance test arrangement would provide an excellent analysis of the dynamic charge acceptance performance. The purpose of their studies is better understanding of the behavior of the cell under real world conditions. Their research work is published in Journal of Energy Storage.

The research team tested both standard and carbon-enhanced lead-acid cells, together with lithium iron phosphate cells over a range of state-of-charge, temperatures, and rest periods. They observed a clear correlation between dynamic charge acceptance and both temperature and state-of-charge. Dynamic Charge Acceptance was observed to improve at high temperatures and lower state-of-charge. The cells could have exhibited a memory effect resulting in improved Dynamic Charge Acceptance after a discharging period. For the case of rest period, reducing the rest period improved charge acceptance.

According to the results obtained in their study, when selecting a battery based on Dynamic Charge Acceptance, it is necessary to take into account the range of state-of-charge over which the battery is operated. Going for a narrow state-of-charge window would lead to a suboptimal performance under particular conditions.

The magnitude of the recuperation current is another parameter to consider. Under these operational conditions, carbon-enhanced lead outperformed lithium cells. The findings of the study indicates that dynamic charge acceptance is a non-static parameter and is dependent on history of operation, environmental conditions, and the electrochemical balance within the cell at a particular time.

“This work has provided deeper insights into the fundamental factors influencing DCA performance, and forms the basis for ongoing research into methods by which it may be improved”. Said Matthew Smith, first author of the paper.

About the author

Dr Dan Gladwin 
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK.
Email: d.gladwin@sheffield.ac.uk

Dr Dan Gladwin is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Sheffield with particular expertise in energy storage and management, power electronics, and intelligent systems. He is a founding member of the Centre for Research into Electrical Energy Storage and Applications at the University of Sheffield and is a named investigator on more than £8.5M of funding from EPSRC, H2020 and InnovateUK in the last 5 years. He manages the work on electrochemical energy storage for grid scale storage and is co-investigator for the £3.8M 1MWh / 2MW lithium titanate facility at Willenhall.

Gladwin is also co-investigator on the recently started £1.5M TransEnergy project (EP/N022289/1) that is investigating the feasibility of storage on different types of railway networks and in particular the integration of parked electric vehicles close to lines.

He has published over 50 papers in the areas of battery modelling and state estimation, optimisation, energy storage and power systems. Gladwin is currently leading a H2020 project to install Europe’s largest hybrid flywheel battery energy storage system.

About the author

Prof David Stone 
Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK
Email: d.a.stone@sheffield.ac.uk

David Stone is professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Sheffield, and leads the Center for Research into Electrical Energy Storage and Applications (CREESA) at Sheffield, including the facilities 2MW, 1MWhr Grid connected Energy storage research facility.

Prof Stone was appointed into the Electrical Machines and Drives (EMD) research group in 1989, and is heavily involved in EV / HEV research, together with energy conversion. He has led battery testing and management for over 15 years, being principal investigator on a number of industrially oriented projects together with more academic work on recycling and reuse of batteries on the grid, and Li-ion battery pack management. The battery work, coupled to power electronics, have resulted in over 250 papers in conferences and pier reviewed journals.

Prof Stone manages the high power battery test facilities, capable of testing both single cells and battery strings within temperature controlled environments. The work done by Prof Stone and his colleagues forms the leading work on battery state of charge (SoC) and state of health (SoH) monitoring within the UK, and use of observers applied to batteries now allows the prediction of SoC and SoH for the batteries, increasing consumer confidence in battery powered vehicles.

About the author

Mr Matthew Smith
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK
Email: matt.j.smith@sheffield.ac.uk

Matthew Smith is Postgraduate Researcher at the Centre for Research into Electrical Energy Storage and Applications of the Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department at The University of Sheffield, UK. He graduated from the University of Sheffield with a Master’s Degree in Digital Electronics in 2014.

His research interests include Power Electronics, Electrical Energy Storage & Management and Automotive Battery Performance. Specifically his work examines factors affecting the lifetime of batteries within automotive and energy storage applications, and the performance of automotive batteries in mild-hybrid applications.

Reference

M J Smith, D T Gladwin, and D A Stone. Experimental analysis of Dynamic Charge Acceptance test conditions for lead-acid and lithium iron phosphate cells. Journal of Energy Storage, volume 12 (2017), pages 55–65.

 

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Renewable Energy Global Innovations features: Prof. Mary Anne White

About the author

Dr. Mary Anne White is Harry Shirreff Professor of Chemical Research (Emerita) at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Her research interests focus on thermal properties of materials, and the relationship between structure and properties. Professor White has made significant research contributions in areas including phase change materials for energy storage, thermochromic mixtures for thermally erasable inks, materials that exhibit negative thermal expansion, and materials with exceptionally low thermal conductivity. She is author or co-author of more than 200 refereed research publications, and author of the textbook “Physical Properties of Materials” (CRC Press).

For her contributions to public awareness of science, Professor White was awarded the 2007 McNeil Medal of the Royal Society of Canada. She holds honorary doctorates from McMaster University, the University of Western Ontario and University of Ottawa, the Noranda Award of the Canadian Society for Chemistry (for contributions to physical chemistry); the Sunner Award of the Calorimetry Conference, and the Union Carbide Award for Chemical Education from the Chemical Institute of Canada. In 2012, she received an American Chemical Society Award for Incorporation of Sustainability into Chemical Education. In 2013, she was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 2016 she was installed as an Officer of the Order of Canada.

  

Renewable Energy Global Innovations featured article:  Fatty acids and related phase change materials for reliable thermal energy storage at moderate temperatures

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Renewable Energy Global Innovations features: Bimetallic Cu-Ni catalysts supported on MCM-41 and Ti-MCM-41 porous materials for hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compound into transportation fuels

Significance 

Bio-oils are becoming alternatives to fossil fuels in view of the ever rising global energy demands, greenhouse emissions, and crude oil shortage. Bio-oils extracted from lignocellulosic biomass are composed of multicomponent molecules extracted from lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The lignin component of lignocellulose is a promising renewable feedstock for the production of a number of chemicals and fuels. Lignin has an advantage over its counterparts hemicellulose and cellulose considering that bio-oils extracted from lignin can be upgraded to higher quality transportation fuels. This is in view of the high stability of the lignin aromatic structures with reference to resonance stabilization.

Fast pyrolysis has been an extensively applied method for converting lignin into bio-oil. Unfortunately, the potential of the resulting bio-oil is limited by the presence of a number of oxygenated functional groups, which in consequence lead to undesirable physicochemical attributes including low thermal and chemical stability, low heating values, easy corrosiveness and high density. In addition, lignin-extracted bio-oils are incompatible with either direct use or in combination with a petroleum fraction. This has forced researchers to look for alternative strategies which can enhance the commercial viability of lignin-extracted bio-fuels for use as a transportation fuel.

One method to remove chemically bonded oxygen from lignin-extracted oil and therefore enable the use of lignin-extracted bio-fuels is through catalytic hydrodeoxygenation processes. However, the direct application of catalysts in such processes is associated with numerous challenges owing to the complex nature of its oxygenated aromatic elements such as anisole, furan, benzofuran, and phenols. In order to overcome these issues, heterogeneous catalysts are attracting much attention, containing both a metal centre for the hydrogenation of the acidic support and an aromatic ring for the deoxygenation. While noble metals such as platinum, palladium, and ruthenium have been used in this process, their application is limited by the high cost and scarcity of these noble metals. Therefore, researchers have focused their attention on transition metal based catalysts including cobalt, nickel, iron, and copper-nickel.

Putla Sudarsanam and Suresh Bhargava at the Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry, School of Science, RMIT University in Australia in collaboration with Murtala Ambursa, Lee Hwei Voon, and Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid at the University of Malaya investigated the preparation, characterization and catalytic application of bimetallic Cu-Ni catalysts supported on Ti-MCM-41 for the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol. Their research work is published in the journal Fuel Processing Technology.

The authors prepared Cu-Ni catalysts supported on either Ti-MCM-41 or pure MCM-41 and compared their catalytic efficiencies for the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol. They performed the catalytic experiments in an autoclave reactor and investigated the effect of hydrogen pressure on guaiacol conversion as well as product selectivity.

Through the catalytic activity investigation, the authors observed that the CuNi/Ti-MCM-41 catalysts had a higher catalytic performance in guaiacol conversion as well as cyclohexane selectivity as opposed to a CuNi/MCM-41 catalyst. The high catalytic activity of the CuNi/Ti-MCM-41 catalyst was as a result of the cooperative function of the larger surface area, hexagonal pore geometry, medium-sized mesopores, adequate acidic sites, and excellent redox attributes. For this reason, Ti-MCM-41 is an efficient catalyst support for the hydrodeoxygenation of oxygenated elements to saturated hydrocarbons.

The research team also found that increased hydrogen pressures improved the guaiacol conversion and selectivity of the oxygenated compounds to hydrocarbons over the Ti-MCM-41 supported CuNi catalyst, increasing the impact of these catalysts within this important field of research.

About the author

Dr. Putla Sudarsanam obtained his PhD in chemistry at the CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (Hyderabad, India) in 2015. He is currently working at the KU Leuven (Leuven, Belgium) as a Marie Curie individual post-doctoral fellow on the topic of designing nanostructured metal oxide based catalysts for the efficient conversion of agricultural bio-waste to produce biodegradable polymer building blocks and fuel grade chemicals.

He has been honoured for his work with many prestigious awards/fellowships including the Marie Skłodowska-Curie individual post-doc fellowship (2017); participation in the 67^th Lindau Nobel Laureate meeting (Germany, 2017); Leibniz-DAAD post-doc fellowship (Germany, 2016);  all India level best PhD thesis award (Catalysis Society of India, 2015); EFCATS PhD student award (XI^th EuropaCat conference, France, 2013); Australian endeavour research fellowship (Australia, 2013) and many others.

His expertise is mainly designing novel nanostructured metal oxide based catalysts for the 1) selective conversion of alcohols, olefins, and amines to useful fine chemicals; 2) transformation of renewable biomass feedstocks to value-added fine chemicals and bio-fuels and 3) efficient catalytic abatement of auto-exhaust pollutants (e.g., carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides). He has contributed over 44 refereed journal articles and 1 book chapter. He has in excess of 1170 citations with an h-index of 23 and an i10-index of 29.

About the author

Professor Bhargava is a world-renowned interdisciplinary scientist and is recognised for delivering research excellence that underpins significant industrial applications. As a passionate advocate in the application of technological science and engineering to innovation, he provides consultancy and advisory services to many government and industrial bodies around the world including BHP Billiton, Alcoa World Alumina, Rio Tinto and Mobil Exxon. He was also a member of the independent board of directors of one of the Aditya Birla group of industries. Out of his 7 patents, 5 have been adopted by the industrial partners and one has been licenced for commercialization.

During his distinguished career, Professor Bhargava has been awarded many prestigious national and international awards including the 2017 Non-Resident Indian of the Year Award by the TIMES Network. This award recognised him as the most outstanding Indian academic in the Asia-Pacific region, with the Bombay ceremony being broadcast to more than 110 countries around the world. Other notable awards he has received include the 2016 Khwarizmi International Award (KIA) by the Government of Iran, the 2015 CHEMECA medal (The most prestigious award in the chemical engineering profession in Australia and New Zealand), the highly esteemed Indian National Science Academy’s P. C. Ray Chair (distinguished lecture series 2014), RMIT University Vice Chancellor’s Research Excellence Award (2006 and 2014), and the Applied Research Award (2013) and the R. K. Murphy Medal (2008) from the Royal Australian Chemical Institute. He is also an elected fellow of six learned academies around the world including the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering and the National Academy of Sciences, India.

Professor Bhargava has contributed over 410 refereed journal articles, 1 book and 10 book chapters. He has also co-authored more than 200 refereed full conference papers. He has in excess of 9,700 citations (5/day) with an h-index of 47 and an i10-index of 242.

He has strived over the years to create solid and sustainable global research partnerships to improve and advance Science and Technology. The establishment of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT)-RMIT joint research centre, which is jointly funded by the Government of India (CSIR) and RMIT University, is one of the best examples of his international efforts. He has also applied this innovative model to connect RMIT University with the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), linking RMIT with a network of CSIR laboratories across India.

Reference

Murtala M. Ambursa, Putla Sudarsanam, Lee Hwei Voon, Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid, Suresh K. Bhargava. Bimetallic Cu-Ni catalysts supported on MCM-41 and Ti-MCM-41 porous materials for hydro-deoxygenation of lignin model compound into transportation fuels. Fuel Processing Technology, volume 162 (2017), pages 87–97.

 

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Renewable Energy Global Innovations features: Fatty acids and related phase change materials for reliable thermal energy storage at moderate temperatures

Significance 

Phase change materials (PCMs) are important for thermal energy storage applications, especially in buildings and in solar thermal systems. The use of PCMs can increase energy efficiency by storage of solar thermal energy,  and reducing heating and cooling demands. Suitable phase change materials need to be inexpensive and reliable, with high latent heats and a phase change at a temperature appropriate to the application. Organic phase change materials can satisfy many of these criteria and are suitable for latent-heat thermal energy storage systems operating in the ambient-to-moderate temperature range. Non-paraffin organic PCMs such as esters, fatty acids and fatty alcohols are particularly attractive because these materials are non-toxic and can be extracted from renewable sources, such as from plant and animal fat. They are also abundant and inexpensive, with a commodity cost of around $1/kg for fatty acids, for example. Their economic and embodied energy payback times can be very favorable.

The optimal design of an energy storage system requires accurate data regarding the thermophysical properties of PCMs. Furthermore, for phase change materials to be useful and reliable in their applications, they must be chemically and thermally stable after many melt-freeze cycles, and must be chemically inert with the materials with which they are in contact. For the very promising fatty acid PCMs, there were significant knowledge gaps and even inconsistencies. For example, there are considerable discrepancies between the values reported by different researchers for the latent heat of fusion and the phase change temperature of the same fatty acid PCM. In addition, thermal properties, such as the thermal conductivity and heat capacity, which are especially necessary for numerical studies for optimization, were largely unknown.

Researchers led by Professor Mary Anne White at Dalhousie University in Canada presented a comprehensive analysis of the thermophysical properties, thermal stability and chemical compatibility of six important organic PCMs: dodecanoic acid, decanoic acid, hexadecenoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, 1-octadecanol, and octadecanoic acid. Their research work is published in the journal Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. “We focused on fatty acid PCMs with melting temperatures between 30 and 70 °C because these materials span a wide range of thermal energy storage applications, from integration in building materials and residential solar water heating systems to cooling of portable electronic devices. They are cheap and can be sustainably sourced. They are also useful for preparing new PCMs by forming eutectic mixtures with lower melting temperatures”.

The research team implemented consistent procedures and experimental methods for all six phase change materials to provide direct comparisons. They accurately measured the thermal properties of the PCMs in the solid and liquid phases and related physical properties. In addition to thermophysical characterization, the authors determined the thermal stability of phase change materials over thousands of freeze-thaw cycles, as well as their chemical compatibility with 16 different materials. “Chemical compatibility of PCMs with materials is very important information but had been significantly overlooked in this field. For instance, many studies consider the addition of metallic fillers to enhance the thermal conductivity of fatty acid PCMs, but it is not known whether the fatty acids will react with these fillers over time”.

From the long-term cycling results, the authors observed that all the six phase change materials studied were thermally stable over 3000 melt-freeze cycles. In fact, there were no significant changes in the heats of fusion and melting temperatures, even for a low-purity sample of hexadecenoic acid. For this reason, it was determined that these PCMs are thermally reliable for long-term thermal energy storage applications.

The authors also investigated chemical compatibilities of the phase change materials with nine metal alloys and seven plastic materials. “We chose a wide range of materials which are found in most of the thermal energy storage applications that these PCMs were considered for in previous studies, or will likely be used for in the future. For example, copper and aluminum are typical filler materials, whereas the magnesium alloy, Mg AZ91D, and polycarbonate are commonly used in today’s portable electronic devices”.  They found that two copper alloys, namely Cu110 and Cu101, and one magnesium alloy, Mg AZ91D, were incompatible with the fatty acids, while the nickel alloy Ni C7521 was compatible only with octadecanoic and hexadecenoic acids. They observed that octadecanol was compatible with all the alloys. Polycarbonate was the only plastic material that did not react significantly with any of the phase change materials investigated.

The in-depth information provided in the study conducted at Dalhousie University regarding the thermophysical properties, thermal stability and chemical compatibility of organic non-paraffin phase change materials provides all the required data to design and optimize thermal energy storage systems in the temperature range 30 to 70 °C, for applications from the built environment to compact electronic devices.

About the author

Michel (“Mike”) B. Johnson is a Research Scientist with the Clean Technologies Research Institute (CTRI; formerly Institute for Materials Research) at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Mike is a specialist in the measurement of physical properties of materials, and he both supports the needs of the user community and develops new techniques. He has published widely in areas including phase change materials for energy storage, carbon nanotubes, and minerals, including thermal, electrical and magnetic properties.

About the author

Dr. Mary Anne White is Harry Shirreff Professor of Chemical Research (Emerita) at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Her research interests focus on thermal properties of materials, and the relationship between structure and properties. Professor White has made significant research contributions in areas including phase change materials for energy storage, thermochromic mixtures for thermally erasable inks, materials that exhibit negative thermal expansion, and materials with exceptionally low thermal conductivity. She is author or co-author of more than 200 refereed research publications, and author of the textbook “Physical Properties of Materials” (CRC Press).

For her contributions to public awareness of science, Professor White was awarded the 2007 McNeil Medal of the Royal Society of Canada. She holds honorary doctorates from McMaster University, the University of Western Ontario and University of Ottawa, the Noranda Award of the Canadian Society for Chemistry (for contributions to physical chemistry); the Sunner Award of the Calorimetry Conference, and the Union Carbide Award for Chemical Education from the Chemical Institute of Canada. In 2012, she received an American Chemical Society Award for Incorporation of Sustainability into Chemical Education. In 2013, she was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 2016 she was installed as an Officer of the Order of Canada.

About the author

Dr. Samer Kahwaji is a Research Associate in the group of Professor Mary Anne White in the Department of Chemistry at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. His research interests are in materials science and his current focus is on phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage applications, specifically on the identification and preparation of useful PCMs, and the characterization of their thermophysical properties, long-term stability and chemical compatibility.

During his research on PCMs, Dr. Kahwaji contributed to the development of a database that contains over 3,500 potential PCMs and he developed a computational tool to predict the thermal properties of new organic PCMs based on binary eutectic mixtures. He also has been a collaborator on research projects contracted by industrial partners, including Internat Energy Solutions Canada and Intel Corporation, for incorporation of PCMs in buildings and in portable electronics.

Reference

Samer Kahwaji, Michel B. Johnson, Ali C. Kheirabadi, Dominic Groulx, Mary Anne White. Fatty acids and related phase change materials for reliable thermal energy storage at moderate temperatures. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, volume 167 (2017), pages 109–120.

 

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Renewable Energy Global Innovations features: An assessment of a proposed ETS in Australia by using the MONASH-Green model

Significance 

Climate change mitigation and carbon emission reduction policies have been taking center stage in Australia in the last decade. Australians are broadly in favor of developing clean sources of energy but there’s a political divide about how to approach climate change. To prove its commitment and determination in championing against global warming, the Australian government committed to reduce emissions by 26-28% on 2005 levels by 2030. However, the achievability of such stringent target with the current subsidized emissions abatement policy has been put into question. Regardless, the Emissions Trading Scheme has been demonstrated as a good policy for Australia owing to its small unfavorable effects on the economy.

Dr. Duy Nong at Colorado State University with Dr. Sam Meng and Professor Mahinda Siriwardana at University of New England in Australia evaluated the effects of the proposed Emissions Trading Schemes on the Australian economy as well as the emissions level using MONASH-Green model, and a database containing detailed energy sectors. In their study they applied the stylized BOTE macro model developed by Adams and Parmenter (2013) in order to inform the macroeconomic results generated by the full model. Their work is now published in the research journal, Energy Policy.

The researchers commenced by replacing the output production function in MONASH Green with the ORANI-G model production system as their study did not contain composite commodity outputs. They then altered the input demand structure in MONASH-Green. The team then collected and compiled database from a variety of sources. After policy design, they developed a simulation where they considered microeconomic effects, effects on households, emissions trading among sectors and effects on sectoral outputs and employment.

From the simulation results, the authors demonstrated that the costs of the proposed emissions trading scheme were as low as of those of related studies conducted earlier by Adams et al. For example, it was seen that the permit price would have to increase from A$4.1 in 2015 through A$13.1 in 2020 to A$41.3 in 2030 in order to enable Australia to achieve the 2020 and 2030 emissions targets. More so, the operation of the proposed Emissions Trading Scheme in Australia would cause the economy to contract progressively over the lifetime of the Emissions Trading Scheme. This is due to the fact that the energy sectors will tend to substitute high emission-intensive energy commodities such as brown coal with black coal. Additionally, employment at sectoral level will fluctuate in line with variations in their outputs.

Thus the MONASH-Green model has been successfully used in their study to assess the effects of a proposed Emissions Trading Schemes on the Australian economy, particularly on the energy sectors and multi household groups. The simulation results indicate that the current price of carbon permits cannot suffice to meet the set carbon reduction targets by 2030 without prior adjustments and reviews. These results lend strong support towards the transition to renewable energy. This policy study is therefore likely to be of continuing relevance to Australia and could form future climate policy.

About the author

Mahinda Siriwardana 

Professor of Economics
UNE Business School, University of New England
Email: asiriwar@une.edu.au

Mahinda Siriwardana is Professor of Economics at the University of New England, Australia. He received his PhD from La Trobe University in Melbourne.  Mahinda has taught economics at the University of Colombo, University of Manitoba, La Trobe University, and held a fulltime research position at the Australian National University before he joined UNE. His main research interest includes CGE modelling, trade policy analysis and climate change policy modelling. He has published nine books and numerous journal articles on these subjects. He is also a recipient of several Australian Research Council (ARC) grants.

About the author

Dr. Sam Meng

Affiliation: University of New England
Postal Address: Business School, UNE, Armidale, NSW, 2351.
Telephone: 2 6773 5142,  Fax: 2 6773 3596
Email: xmeng4@une.edu.au

Dr. Sam Meng is a senior researcher fellow at University of New England, Australia. He is currently working for an Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage project: “Adaptation to Carbon-Tax-Induced Changes in Energy Demand in Rural and Regional Australia”, and formerly on the ARC Discovery project. He is experienced in large database handling, general computable equilibrium (CGE) modeling, time series modelling, and panel data analysis. His papers were published in high quality academic journals, such as Tourism Management, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Agricultural economics; The Environmental and Resources Economics, Economic Modelling, Applied Economics, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing; and Journal of Asian Economics.

About the author

Dr. Duy Nong

Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO, 80523
Email: duy.nong@colostate.edu

Dr. Duy Nong has conducted climate change, energy, and environmental research for several years. In particular, he is interested in studying the impacts of climate change issues, environmental policies and energy policies on economy and the environment. He mainly employs computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling technique for his research and is proficient in developing and extending CGE models for particular tasks. He is currently a member of the American National Science Foundation Project, focusing on the impacts of climate change on species invasion and energy exploitation.

Reference

Duy Nonga, Sam Meng, Mahinda Siriwardana. An assessment of a proposed ETS in Australia by using the MONASH-Green model. Energy Policy 108 (2017) 281–291

 

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Renewable Energy Global Innovations features: Solar collector integrated with a pulsating heat pipe and a compound parabolic concentrator

Significance 

Solar energy is the most abundant renewable energy that has the capability to meet the world’s growing demand. However, it requires good solar concentrators to increase the trap efficiency. The efficient mean to utilize solar energy is to convert solar energy into heat stored in water by solar thermal collectors. Techniques such as high efficiency heat transfer absorber and solar radiation concentration are the main methods to improve the performance of solar thermal collector.

Pulsating heat pipe is one of the highly efficient absorber with simple stricture and low cost. The pulsating heat pipe has three working states namely: start-up, steady state and dry-out as the heat input increases.  Altogether, the pulsating heat pipe exhibits an excellent potential for application as heat collector credit due to its high heat transfer capacity. However, the heat flux of the of the evaporation section of pulsating heat pipe should be sufficiently high to meet the demand of its steady and high-efficiency work, which has a significant effect on the thermal performance of pulsating heat pipe. Therefore, a solar concentrator is necessary in order to increase the heat flux of the pulsating heat pipe absorber to ensure that efficient heat transfer capacity of pulsating heat pipe can be fully utilized.

Researchers led by Professor Rong Ji Xu from Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture and in collaboration with Dr. Hua Sheng Wang at Queen Mary University of London proposed a study on a novel solar collector that integrates a closed-end pulsating heat pipe and a compound parabolic concentrator. Their main objective was to test the operating characteristics and thermal performance of the detailed designed collector, under different weather conditions. Their work is now published in the research journal, Energy Conversion and Management.

Briefly, the research team initiated their empirical procedure by developing a prototype of the solar collector. Secondly, they analyzed the operating characteristics of the pulsating heat pipe absorber. The team then assessed the thermal efficiency of the solar collector under different weather conditions.

The authors observed that the collector showed start-up, operational and shutdown stages at the starting and ending temperatures of 75 ⁰C. More so, they noted that the solar collector operated stably even in cloudy days. Additionally, the thermal resistance of the pulsating heat pipe absorber was seen to decrease with the increase in ambient temperature, solar intensity, and evaporation temperature which was found to be the main factor that affects the thermal efficiency of the collector.

Rong Ji Xu and colleagues successfully presented a novel solar collector that integrates a closed-end pulsating heat pipe and a compound parabolic concentrator. In their study, they have assessed the effects of operating parameters on the operating characteristics of the pulsating heat pipe and the performance of the solar collector under varying weather conditions. The experimental results suggest that the heat flux of the pulsating heat pipe absorber’s evaporation section concentrated by compound parabolic concentrator with a concentration ratio of 3.4 is appropriate and the use of compound parabolic concentrator is reasonable. Their proposed design offers a promising efficiency of 50% when compared with conventional solar collectors and pulsating heat pipe solar collectors.

According to Rong Ji Xu, the mathematical model of the solar collector has been built. The effects of the solar density, ambient temperature, weed speed, glass thickness and collecting temperature on the thermal performance were simulated. A theoretical efficiency of 70% can be realized which is more promising than experimental results.

About the author

Rongji Xu，PhD，Associate Professor
School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
1 Zhanlanguan Road, Beijing 100044, China
Email: xurongji@bucea.edu.cn

Research interests:

• Heat and mass transfer
• Development and utilization of solar energy
• Design and optimization of refrigeration & air-conditioning system
• Organic Rankine cycle (ORC)

Research grant applications:

• Failure mechanism study on pulsating heat pipe used in solar energy collector, Project principal, NSFC (No. 51506004)
• Mechanism study on pulsating heat pipe with mixture working fluid, Project principal, BNSF (No. 3162009)
• Development of PV air conditioner, researcher co-investigator, Project principal, University-Industrial Collaboration Project
• Design and optimization on fin-and-tube heat exchanger of air conditioner, Project principal, University- Industrial Collaboration Project

Reference

Rong Ji Xu, Xiao Hui Zhang, Rui Xiang Wang, Shu Hui Xu, Hua Sheng Wang. Experimental investigation of a solar collector integrated with a pulsating heat pipe and a compound parabolic concentrator. Energy Conversion and Management 148 (2017) 68–77

 

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Renewable Energy Global Innovations features: Dynamic filtration control performance of N2/liquid CO2 foam in porous media

Significance 

In the extraction of oil and gas, fracturing fluids are used to create and widen a fracture for easier production. The fluid should be compatible with the rocks. Liquid CO₂ has been used as a fracturing fluid because it is highly soluble in most oil extracts therefore less damaging to the oil extracted as compared to water-based fluids. The high solubility in oil helps in lowering the viscosity of oil and improves the extraction of oil from the ground.

Liquid CO₂ is, however, difficult to control in porous media due to its low viscosity and lack of filter cake formation properties for controlled filtration. This may affect the shape of the desired fracture. Researchers have tried to improve on the viscosity of liquid CO₂ by adding thickening agents, however, improvement of viscosity of liquid CO₂ by enhancement does not guarantee a change in its filtration performance and liquid CO₂ dissolves poorly with thickening agents making the insoluble residues potential pollutants.

Filtration control performance of liquid CO₂ was improved without pollution by mixing it with Nitrogen (N₂). Gupta et al. stabilized the N₂ and CO₂ mixture by introducing fluorochemical stabilizers into the liquid CO₂ and then bubbling N₂ into the liquid to form the N₂/liquid CO₂ foam. The liquid CO₂ was the external phase while the N₂ was the inner face and the fluorochemical stabilizers separated the two phases.

Qichao Lv, under the guidance of Professor Zhaomin Li, at China University of Petroleum investigated the dynamic filtration control performance of N₂/liquid CO₂ foam with a fluorochemical (HFE) as a stabilizer.

The filtration behavior of N₂/liquid CO₂ foam is uncertain as the external phase of the foam is unstable. Temperature and pressure can affect its density, viscosity and phase and changing the flow properties of the foam. Moreover, the behavior of waterless foam with the unique fluorochemical interface is uncertain. The interface may also be a potential pollutant. The experiment seeks to study the factors that may affect the dynamic filtration performance of N₂/liquid CO₂ foam including viscosity, foam quality, temperature, pressure, permeability and the damaging effects of the foam on porous media after filtration.

The setup for the experiment was done as shown in their paper where the preparation for the foaming solution was done and the viscosity measurement and dynamic filtration tests were done. The viscosity measurement results showed that the use of foam enhanced the viscosity of liquid CO₂. The apparent viscosity is related to temperature, pressure and foam quality. The viscosity increased as the foam quality was increased from 31 % to 71 %. The viscosity of high quality foams were 1 order of magnitude larger than that of liquid CO₂ at the same conditions. The apparent viscosity is at a maximum at a foam quality of about 80 % before it starts decreasing as it becomes fragile and sensitive to disturbances such as interactions and pressure fluctuations.

The filtration control performance of the N₂/liquid CO₂ foam was compared to that of liquid CO₂ and a N₂/liquid CO₂ mixture. The results showed that the filtration control properties of the N₂/liquid CO₂ foam was better than the others. The leak off coefficient lowered with an increase in foam quality up to 80 % where it increased. Foams of 50 – 80 % quality had a high filtration performance with permeability change. Low initial foam quality foams had better filtration performance at high pressure difference. As the foam enters the porous media, the liquid part would evaporate hence increasing the foam quality with depth. Damage by the foam on the porous media depends upon the pressure difference between the two sides of the porous media.  Damage is small under low pressure difference as the CO₂ turns to gas under a high pressure media damaging the porous media.

In their study the research team were able to prove that by mixing N₂, liquid CO₂ and HFE, properties such as viscosity and filtration control performance of the resultant N₂/liquid CO₂ foam, increased substantially without damage to porous media.

About the author

Qichao Lv is currently a doctoral candidate at China University of Petroleum, East China and a research scholar of Foam Fluid Enhanced Oil & Gas Production Engineering Research Center in Shandong province. He is also a member of Nano-Technology for Energy and Environment Group in University of Calgary. His primary areas of interest include foam technology for EOR and fracturing. In particular, he has done an excellent work in green and clean foam fracturing for unconventional oil and gas reservoirs such as shale gas, tight sand oil and gas, and CBM formations. He has published more than 20 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals and applied for 15 patents of China and US. Because of his contribution to the development of unconventional reservoirs, he has won a first prize of provincial science and technology award as first investigator.

Contact: qichaolv@s.upc.edu.cn

About the author

Prof. Zhaomin Li is vice president of the China University of Petroleum, East China and director of Foam Fluid Enhanced Oil & Gas Production Engineering Research Center in Shandong province. His research emphasis is on the flow laws and equipment for foam fluid, new technologies of heavy oil recovery, CCUS theories and their application. In recent years, he has participated in more than 10 national programs as main contributor, and published more than 100 articles, of which 34 articles are indexed by SCI and 36 articles are indexed by EI.

He also holds more than 30 invention patents, and has established 3 standards for oil and gas industry as manager. In addition, he has won three first prizes of provincial science and technology award as first investigator. In particular, one of his invention as participant, HDCS enhanced oil recovery technology for ultra-heavy oil reservoirs, has increased crude oil production by several millions of tons, which was also selected as one of ten chemical technology highlights by China Chemical Industry News in 2010. A serials of foam stimulation techniques he invented are serving B&R countries, which has been reported by the Journal of International Innovation.

Contact: lizhm@upc.edu.cn

Reference

Lv Q, Li Z, Li B, Zhang C, Shi D, Zheng C, Zhou T. Experimental study on the dynamic filtration control performance of N2/liquid CO2 foam in porous media. Fuel. 2017 Aug 15; 202:435-45.

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